Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Herba Xanthii is a traditional folk medicinal plant.The 50% ethanol eluting faction of Xanthium mongolicum in Jiangxi had significant activity to inhibit necroptosis. In order to investigate the chemical constituents, the active fractions of X. sibiricum were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods such as repeated silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, preparative high performance liquid chromatography and recrystallization to yield 14 compounds. Their structures were established on the basis of NMR, MS spectraoscopic analyses and comparison with lirerature date. Fourteen compounds were isolated from the active part and identified as hydroxydihydrobovolide(1), raspberry ketone(2), salicyl alcohol(3), 4-hydroxyl-acetophenone(4), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde(5), ethyl caffeate(6), ferulaldehyde(7), isoscopletin(8), 3,3'-bis(3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6 -methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran)(9)，axillarin (10)，quercetin (11)，(+) pinoresinol(12)， β-sitosterol(13) and palmatic acid(14). Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10 were isolated from Xanthium mongolicum for the first time．
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： To clarify the anti-melanoma active extract and material basis of Veronica didyma Tenore, CCK8 method was used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of four extracts (petroleum ether extract, ethyl acetate extract, n-butanol extract, water extract), ethanol extract and monomer compounds on the proliferation of melanoma cell lines (B16 and A375); The chemical constituents of the active fraction were systematically separated and purified by phytochemical techniques and methods. The results were as follows: (1) Ethyl acetate extract (PPNE) had better inhibitory effect on the proliferation of B16 and A375 cells than other samples, and IC50 = 0.177 mg·mL-1 (B16), IC50 = 2.826 mg·mL-1 (A375), respectively. Seven monomers were obtained from PPNE were p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1), Picroside II (2), isoscutellarein 7 - O - (6''' - Oacetyl) - β - allopyranosyl (1'''→2'') - β - glucopyranoside (3), 3' - hydroxyl - 4' - O - methylisoscutellarein 7 - O - [6''' - O - acetyl - β - D - allopyranosyl - (1→2) - β - D - Glucopyranoside (4), 6 - O - veratroylcatalposide (5), Veronicoside (6), isoscutellarein 4' - methyl ether 7 - O - (6''' - O - acetyl) - ballopyranosyl (1'''→2'') - β - glucopyranoside (7). (2) Seven compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time, and HPLC showed that these seven compounds are the major components of PPNE. Except Compound 1, the other six monomers all have good inhibitory effect on the proliferation of melanoma cells, and the anti-melanoma activities of compounds 3, 4 and 7 are reported for the first time. Based on these results, PPNE of Veronica didyma Tenore is an anti melanoma active fraction, Iridoids (compounds 2, 5, 6) and flavonoids (compounds 3, 4, 7) may be the basis of anti melanoma activity of PPNE. The results of this study will lay scientific foundation for the rational use of Veronica didyma Tenore sresources.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： In order to clarify the morphology of floral organs and the development status of male and female gametophytes at different development stages of Bambusa tuldoides in wild, and to summarize their abortion types, the appearance morphology of each part of floral organs and the development process of male and female gametophytes of B. tuldoides were observed by means of anatomy and sectioning, and the reasons for the low seed setting rate were also analyzed. The results were as follow: (1) The spikelets of B. tuldoides were of infinite inflorescences. The florets in the lower part of the spikelets developed first, and there were latent buds developed at the base, which had the characteristics of definite inflorescence. The petioles of spikelets were undeveloped, and the spikelets developed in cluster at each node of the floral branch. (2) Each floret had 1 palea, 1 lemma, 6 stamens, 3 lodicules and 1 pistil. The lodicule was transparent and had well-developed cilia on the edge. The ovary had prismatic protrusions and the upper part of which had villi, and was unilocular and lateral membranous with a anatropous ovule. The stigmas were three-lobed and feathery. (3) The anther of B. tuldoides had four sporangia, and the anther wall was composed of four layers, epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. The tapetum was glandular, and degenerated completely after maturity. The meiosis was successive and the microspore tetrads were bilaterally. The mature pollen grains were three-celled（. 4）Several abortion types were found in pistils and stamens, which might be the main reason for the low seed setting rate of B. tuldoides. All the above results indicate that the morphological structure of B. tuldoides floral organs is normal, while the female and male gametophytes developed abnormally, which cause the low seed setting rate.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： In order to reveal dynamics of community succession of a secondary savanna shrub forest of the arid-hot valley in National Nature Reserve of Cycas panzhihuaensis, this study was based on the first (2020) reexamined data of 1 hm2 permanent fixed plot which was established in 2015. Community dynamics over the past 5 years were analyzed by species composition, community diversity, importance value, mortality rate, recruitment rate and diameter at breast height (DBH). The results were as follows: (1) Woody plants in community changed from 15 families, 17 genera, and 17 species in 2015 to 15 families, 18 genera, and 18 species in 2020. There was no significant change for dominant species composition but a significant change for degree of dominance in the past 5 years. For the 6 common populations with higher important values (>1) in 2020, the importance values of 5 populations increased, and the population of Cycas panzhihuaensis decreased only, when compared with their importance values in 2015. Cycas panzhihuaensis was still the most dominant species and constructive species in the plot, but its importance values declined significantly. However, a significant increase of importance values occurred for some arbor species such as Quercus cocciferoides and Terminalia franchetii. (2) The number of woody plants with DBH≥1 had increased to 1710 by 2020, the average DBH of all woody plant individuals in this community increased from 11.10 cm to 11.17 cm. The average annual mortality was 0.29%, and the average annual recruitment rate was 2.75%, the average DBH of dead and recruited individuals were 11.84 cm and 4.96 cm respectively. Compared with the woody plants living in 2015, individual trees from 7 species had died, and those from 9 species were recruited over the past 5 years. (3) The results also indicated that although Osyris quadripartita declined, the populations of 9 tree species increased, and 4 were stable from 2015 to 2020. The average DBH of Cycas panzhihuaensis and Osyris quadripartita decreased only, but the others increased on different extents. With forest succession, the importance of interspecific competition within community will increase gradually. Dominant position in community will be occupied by arbor tree species such as Quercus cocciferoides and Terminalia franchetii during process of succession in the future, but dominant position of Cycas panzhihuaensis is not threatened in a short term. The main reason of significant decrease of dominance of Cycas panzhihuaensis is plant individuals death of larger diameter class. In the future, a transitional-type secondary community from secondary savanna shrub forest to climax which is occupied by arbor tree species gradually will been consisted of Cycas panzhihuaensis, Quercus cocciferoides, Terminalia franchetii and other arbor trees.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Angiopteris esculenta is one of the most important wild substitutes for staple food in Dulong’s communities (the least populated ethnic group in Yunnan Province, China) for centuries. For a long time, the Dulong people collect the underground parts of A. esculenta to extract flour and make into food. In order to study and record the traditional knowledge of Angiopteris esculenta, and reveal the scientific basis of this plant consumed by Dulong people, ethnobotanical methods were employed to investigate and document the traditional knowledge about A. esculenta. Approaches of food science were used to reveal the basic components, appearance, physical and chemical properties, and gelatinization characteristics of A. esculenta flour in the present paper. The results were as follows: (1) A. esculenta is a multipurposed plant in the traditional livelihood of Dulong people. Local people employed this plant for edible purpose, medicinal purpose, ornamental purpose and woody purpose. Quantitative analysis showed that the relative frequency of citation (RFC) of the edibleness was much higher than that of other uses, which shows its main way as staple food. (2) The traditional uses of fern flour extracted from the underground part of A. esculenta imply rationalities. There is high starch content in the flour, and the total starch content is 86.2%. A. esculenta flour contains various mineral elements necessary for human body. (3) The flour has good physical and chemical properties, specifically, the retrogradation and freeze-thaw stability are strong, which can be used in the production and process of frozen food and starch products. The regeneration value and attenuation value of starch were much lower than that of common starch, which indicated that it had good stability of hot paste and cold paste, and not easy to regenerate, thus imply the good processability in food industry. The research results of the physical and chemical properties provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent processing and utilization of A. esculenta. In conclusion, A. esculenta flour has a good potential for utilization and further development. It is expected to play a positive role for increasing local residents’ income and for rural revitalization in remote areas, through the approaches of artificial cultivation.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Melia azedarach is widely distributed in China and has a wide range of genetic variation. In order to study the growth characters of 1-year-old seedlings of M. azedarach from different seed sources, the growth characters of seedling height, ground diameter, compound leaf growth and biomass accumulation of M. azedarach seedlings from 15 seed sources were observed, and the growth rhythm was fitted by logistic equation. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant differences in seedling height, ground diameter, root biomass, stem biomass and compound leaf correlation between different habitats(P<0.05 or P<0.01). (2) The growth of seedling heights and ground diameters showed a slow-fast-slow growth pattern with type S. Compared with the emergence time of seedling height growth peak, the emergence time of ground diameter growth peak was later. (3) The R2 of logistic fitting equation was 0.976-0.994, which reached the highly significant correlation level, indicating that the growth rhythm of M. azedarach could be fitted by logistic equation. (4) According to theoretical calculation and practical observation, the duration of fast-growing stage of ground diameter was generally 20-30 d longer than that of high-speed growth stage of seedling. The time of seedling heights and ground diameters entering fast-growing stage and ending fast-growing stage in northern locality was earlier than that in southern locality. The cumulative growth of seedling height and ground diameter in fast-growing stage was more than 60% of the total growth.（5）All though traits were negatively correlated with latitude, seedling height, biomass of root and leaf area were positively correlated with longitude, the other traits were negatively correlated with longitude. In general, M. azadarach begongs to full-time growth type with significant differences in growth traits among seed sources. The growth was regulated by latitude and longitude, mainly by latitude .
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Suriana maritima (Surianaceae) is a coastal ornamental plant species distributing only on the South China Sea Islands in China, at present. In order to understand the ecological and biological characteristics of S. maritima, and provide a theoretical basis for its protection, development and utilization, we investigated the morphological and anatomical structure of stem and leaf, the antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic adjustments contents in leaf of S. maritima, and nutrient element contents in leaf and the soil S. maritima growing on the Paracel Islands, by field investigation and sampling for analysis. The results showed that S. maritima have small and thick leaf, well-developed palisade tissue, and low stomatal density (8.64 n·mm-2), which make it easy to maintain water in the body and suitable for drought and high saline-alkali environment. The chlorophyll content (0.76 mg·g-1) of the leaf was low, the total antioxidant capacity (589.50 U·g-1) and proline content (1 123.64 μg·g-1) were high, indicating that S. maritima had high photosynthetic utilization efficiency and strong antioxidant capacity. Though the nutrient in natural growing soil was poor, the contents of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in leaf of S. maritima were relatively high (490.27, 18.10, and 3.81 g·kg-1, respectively), indicating a high nutrient utilization efficiency and good adaptability of S. maritima to poor soil. Therefore, S. maritima had a good adaptability to the environment of strong radiation, drought, high saline-alkali and poor soil on tropical coral islands, and could be used as a tool species for revegetation and landscaping on tropical coral islands.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Heavy metal pollution in Kandelia obovata ecosystem is an important part of coastal wetland research. In order to explore the health risk and heavy metal pollution of Kandelia obovata wetland of different origins in eastern Fujian，this study explored the content characteristics of heavy metals in surface sediments of different origins of Kandelia obovata wetlands and assessed their health risks in eastern Fujian by using the pollution load index method and human health risk assessment method. The results were as follows: (1) The average content of heavy metals in surface sediments of Kandelia obovata natural forest wetland was Zn（102.38 mg·kg-1）> Pb（101.53 mg·kg-1）> Cu（11.72 mg·kg-1）> Cd（0.91 mg·kg-1）. The order of heavy metal content in surface sediments of Kandelia obovata plantation was Zn （ 152.81 mg·kg-1）> Pb（105.83 mg·kg-1）> Cu（16.38 mg·kg-1）> Cd（1.33 mg·kg-1）. (2) The regional pollution load index (IPL zone) of heavy metals in surface sediments of Kandelia obovata natural forest was lower than that of Kandelia obovata plantation, and the corresponding pollution levels of Kandelia obovata plantation and natural forest were both 1, which belonged to moderate pollution. (3) The non-carcinogenic risk (Non carcinogenic Risk, RN) of heavy metals in surface sediments of Kandelia obovata wetland to adult males and adult females was lower than 1, and the non-carcinogenic risk to human body was very low. The RN of Pb element to children was higher than 1, it would cause non-carcinogenic risk to children. The carcinogenic risk (Cancer Risk, RI) of Cd to adult males, adult females and children was greater than 1.0×10-6, and there was a serious carcinogenic risk to the human body. The results indicate that heavy metal pollution of wetlands in eastern Fujian was serious. Therefore, we should control the pollutant emission around the wetland and purify the wetlands. In addition, adding the health risk assessment of heavy metals to the evaluation of Kandelia obovata wetland ecosystem will help to strengthen the ecological protection and risk management of Kandelia obovata.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Clematis L. is one of the major genera of Ranunculaceae, which has important horticultural and medicinal value. In order to discuss the chromosome evolution law of Clematis plants, reveal the genetic relationship among sections and species, a karyotypes analysis in 21 Clematis taxa were observed . In this study, the root tips of 21 groups of Clematis were treated and pressed by conventional pressing method, the morphological characteristics of chromosomes were observed, karyotype was analyzed, and cluster analysis was carried out by ward connection method. C. kirilowii var. chanetii, C. puberula var. tenuisepala, C. tubulosa, C. tibetana and C. peterae are reported for the first time. The results were as follows: All the 21 taxa of Clematis were diploid with x = 8 (2n = 2x = 16), the genome of each taxon had at least one pair of statelites except C. tibetana. The chromosome of C. fusca, C. peterae, C. macropetala, C. aethusifolia, C. puberula var. tenuisepala, C. flammula were ‘2B’ type, C. acerifolia, C. fruticose, C. heracleifolia, C. intricate, C. grandidentata, C. brevicaudata, C. puberula var. tenuisepala, C. glauca, C. hexapetala, C. kirilowii, C. kirilowii var. chanetii, C. alpina var. ochotensis, C. tangutica, C. tibetana, C. tubulosa, C. vitalba were ‘2A’ type. The karyotype asymmetry coefficient ranged from 60.29% to 63.79%. The chromosomes of Clematis are primitive, and the karyotypes vary widely among species. Through the above research, we can draw the following conclusions: The chromosome number of Clematis evolved from diploid to polyploid, and then aneuploidy was produced through the Polyploid diploidization process. The chromosome evolution of Clematis is mainly carried out at the diploid level, which is realized by generating chromosome structural variation, and evolved through four ways: generating heterozygous chromosomes, strengthening karyotype asymmetry, chromosome type change and satelite chromosome change. At the same time, the karyotype characteristics of Clematis were basically consistent with the traditional classification at the section level and species level, which indicated that karyotype analysis can provide theoretical basis for the classification of Clematis.Results of the present study have significant scientific values in the further studies on the resources utilization taxonomy and phylogenetics in genus Clematis.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： The purpose of this study was to clone the RT genes of Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons, and to provide sequences basis for isolating the full-length sequences of Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons and studying their function in genus Arachis. Degenerate primers were designed according to the conserved region of RT genes, the genomic DNA of wild peanut species “Arachis duranensis” with AA genome was amplified by PCR using the degenerated primers. The amplified targeted bands were recovered, cloned and sequenced, and then sequences were analyzed through bioinformatics strategy. The results were as follows: (1) The amplified targeted bands were all about 260 bp in size. Forty-one and twenty-seven RT genes sequences were cloned from the two wild peanut species respectively. The length of sixty-eight sequences varied from 256 bp to 270 bp. The proportion of AT, AT/GC and the similarity between nucleotide sequences ranged from 55.86% to 68.42%, 1.27% to 2.17%, and 49.8% to 99.2% respectively, showing a higher heterogeneity. (2) The sixty-eight sequences were divided into six families, family I and family IV were the main components. (3) Nineteen of sixty-eight sequences had nonsense mutations, and Arachis duranensis (PI219823) had a higher nonsense mutations rate than Arachis duranensis (PI262133). (4) The similarity between amino acid sequences ranged from 4.7% to 100%, showing high heterogeneity. (5) The tertiary structures of proteins representing sequences in each family were basically similar in overall configuration, but there were great differences in the number of helix structures, folding structures, turns and hydrogen bonds. (6) The conserved motifs among sequences were generally consistent, but there were also some variations, showing a certain degree of heterogeneity. The phylogenetic tree divided sixty-eight sequences into ten classes. Most of sequences are clustered in A and B classes. (7) Some of RT genes sequences from two wild peanut species with AA genome were closely related to RT genes sequences from other plant species, which indicated that there might be transposon horizontal transmission between them. This study laid a foundation for the development and application of new molecular markers based on Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons in genus Arachis.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Sect. Chrysanthae have high ornamental value, but their classifications are controversial. In order to study the morphological characteristics and taxonomic significance of pollen in sect. Chrysanthae, we observed morphological shape, exine ornamentations and perforation characteristics of 10 species of sect. Chrysanthae pollen grains by scanning electron microscope, and the polar axis, equatorial axis and germination ditch length were analyzed by cluster. The results were as follows: (1) The pollen of sect. Chrysanthae was single, medium size and most of them were subspherical, only C. indochinensis var. tunghinensis was oblate sphere and C. impressinervis was prolate; The extine ornamentation of pollen could be broadly divided into three types: ornate, verrucate and tuberculate-baculate, and the size and density of various surface perforation were obviously different. (2) Cluster analysis showed that the pollen morphology of C. perpetua, C. petelotii var. grandiflora, C. petelotii and C. euphlebia were proximity ; C. flavida, C. micrantha and C. indochinensis var. Tunghinensis had similar characteristics. However, C. pubipetala and C. impressinervisare were clearly different from the others. The extine ornamentation and perforation of pollen were different, but it was still necessary to combine the polar axis, equatorial axis and the length of germination groove to clearly distinguish the 10 species of sect. Chrysanthae. From the perspective of palynology, the pollen of sect. Chrysanthae has the general characteristics of Camellia without specificity, and this group of plants may not be an independent group, but the pollen morphology of this group of plants has obvious inter-specific differences, which can be used as the basis for taxonomy. The results of this study provide the basis for the taxonomic status among species of Camellia.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is located in South China, with humid climate, complex habitats and rich species diversity. Thirteen species of orchids are reported as new records from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, viz. Kuhlhasseltia yakushimensis (Yamamoto) Ormerod, Risleya atropurpurea King et Pantl., Stigmatodactylus sikokianus Maxim. ex Makino, Vrydagzynea nuda Bl., Apostasia shenzhenica Z. J. Liu & L. J. Chen, Bulbophyllum nipondhii Seidenf., Chamaegastrodia nanlingensis H. Z. Tian & F. W. Xing, Goodyera pendula Maxim., Hetaeria anomala Lindl., Liparis brunnea Ormerod, Luisia appressifolia Aver., Tropidia emeishanica K. Y. Lang, and Zeuxine nervosa (Lindl.) Trimen. Among them, Kuhlhasseltia J. J. Smith, Risleya King & Pantl., Stigmatodactylus Maxim. ex Makino, and Vrydagzynea Bl. are newly recorded genus in Guangxi. There are 128 genera and 469 species and 4 varieties of Guangxi Orchidaceae. Citation specimens, geographical distribution and pictures of the thirteen newly recorded species are provided．
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Zhuang medicine Shandougen, which is the dry radix and rhizome of the plant Sophora tonkinensis from the Leguminosae family, is one of the most important and famous traditional Chinese medicine in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and also distributed in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020, shandougen is used for clearing heat, removing toxicity, relieving sore throat and detumescence. In order to develop and utilize the aerial parts of S. tonkinensis more reasonably and scientifically, the studies for chemical constituents and their tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the aerial parts of S. tonkinensis were performed. Some modern chromatographic methods for the separation of chemical constituents were carried out, such as high-performance liquid chromatography, sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, MCI gel CHP 20P column chromatography, silica gel column chromatography, and thin layer chromatography. The structures of the pure compounds were established on the basis of their spectroscopic data, including the spectra of HR-ESI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. In addition, the isolated compounds were evaluated for their tyrosinase inhibitory activity through modern pharmacological methods. The results were as follows: (1) Ten compounds were separated from the aerial parts of S. tonkinensis and their structures were identified as salicylic acid (1), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), luteolin (3), 8-prenylkeamferol (4), quercetin (5), daidzein (6), formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (7), formononetin (8), tectorigenin (9), and genistein (10). All these compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of S. tonkinensis for the first time; (2) Compounds 4, 7 and 9 showed strong inhibitory effects toward tyrosinase after the evaluation for their biological activity. Particularly, compound 4 showed the strongest inhibitory activity with the IC50 value of (1.58 ± 0.31) × 10-5 mol·L-1. Compound 4, 7 and 9 could be a potential tyrosinase inhibitor after the analysis of bioactivity results. The above result enriches the previous studies on the chemical constituents and biological activity of the aerial parts of S. tonkinensis, further providing the scientific basis for the development and utilization of the non-medicinal parts of this herb.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Leaf chlorophyll content is central to carbon, water and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, also to the terrestrial ecosystem function. Quantitative estimates of leaf chlorophyll content with hyperspectral imagery can provide scientific insight for assessing plant’s growth and stress as affected by abiotic and biotic factors. However, few studies have been conducted the application of spectral indices in estimation of leaf chlorophyll contents of plants in karst areas, especially in South China. After a review of the application of common spectral indices in estimation of leaf biochemistry parameters, we found that most of the common spectral indices were developed based on the difference, simple ratios, normalized difference and inverse difference formulation of leaf spectral reflectance. Therefore, we firstly measured the raw reflectance spectra of leaves from four typical karst species, namely Vitex negundo, Rhus chinensis, Celtis sinensis and Alchornea trewioides with a ASD Field Spec 4 (Analytical Spectral Devices, Inc., Boulder, Colorado, US) spectrometers. We then used the above-mentioned four formulations to process the raw reflectance spectra and their first-order derivative spectra. Finally, we analyzed the relation between leaf chlorophyll contents and relative leaf raw reflectance spectra and their first-order derivative spectra, and tried to propose the best spectral index for estimation leaf chlorophyll content of the plants of karst areas in South China. The results were as follows: (1) Among the common spectral indices, the modified normalized difference vegetation index (mND705) performed well in estimation leaf chlorophyll contents of four typical karst species in term of the determination coefficient (R2 was equal to 0.45) and root mean squared error (RMSE was equal to 0.26 mg•g-1). (2) However, most of the common spectral indices were not suitable for estimation leaf chlorophyll content of the plants in karst areas. Thought the prediction capability of fluorescence ratio index (FRI1) and chlorophyll absorption area index (CAAI) were almost the same in estimation of leaf chlorophyll content of plants in karst and non-karst areas, their accuracy of prediction was relative low according to the determination coefficient. (3) The spectral indices proposed in this study performed well in estimation leaf chlorophyll content of the plants in karst areas either based on the raw reflectance spectra or their first-order derivative spectra compared against others common spectral indices, especially for the difference spectral index based on the first-order derivative spectra (dD(760, 769)). Its determination coefficient was 0.71 and the root mean squared error was 0.19 mg•g-1. We, therefore proposed that the difference spectral index based on the first-order derivative spectra (dD(760, 769)) can be used for estimation leaf chlorophyll content of the plants in karst areas. Our results concluded that leaf chlorophyll content of plants in karst areas can be quickly and quantitatively estimated using spectral index combined with hyperspectral remote sensing data. These results can also provide scientific insights for estimating plants’ growth and their adaptation to environmental stress.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Saccharum officinarum is the main cash crops in sugar processing industry, and its leaves are characteristic Yao medicine in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region with a long history. Our recent study showed that its EtOAc extract was the active part responsible for its in vitro antitumor activity. In order to clarify the chemical compositions of this part and provides some basis for it’s further development , the modern separation and purification techniques, such as silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and semi-preparative highperformance liquid chromatography were used to identify the structures of the isolates by their physical-chemical properties and modern spectral analysis. As a result, twenty compounds were isolated and identified as 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (1), methyl 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate(2), 3, 4-dihydroxy-benzoic acid (3), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid (4),p-hydroxybenzoic acid (5), 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde (6), p-hydroxy-cinnamicacid (7), syringic acid (8), 3, 5dihydroxyhydroquinone (9),1-hydroxybenzoyl-4-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(10), phydroxybenzoyl- β-D-glucopyranoside (11), quercetin (12), tricin (13), tamarixetin (14),isorhamnetin (15), 5, 3', 4'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (16), sternbin (17), ((E)4- (1S,3R,4R)-1-hydroxy-4,5,5-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-1-yl)but-1-en-3-o-ne(18), blumenol A (19) and thymidine (20), respectively. Compounds 1-4, 6, 9-11, 13-16, 18 and 20 were isolated and identified from this plant for the first time.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： C2H2 zinc finger proteins are a class of important transcription factors in eukaryotes, which play important roles in plant growth and development and in response to abiotic stresses. OsZAT12, a C2H2 zinc finger protein in rice, which cloned in our previous study, was only expressing in rice roots and localized in the nucleus. Overexpressing OsZAT12 in Arabidopsis exhibited dwarf phenotype. To further investigate the function of OsZAT12 in rice, qRT-PCR was used to analyze the response patterns of OsZAT12 under abiotic stresses and phytohormones treatment, and the promoter elements and transcriptional activity of OsZAT12 was analyzed as well. The results show that OsZAT12 contains two typical C2H2 zinc finger domains and one EAR motif, and has transcriptional repressive activity. The promoter of the OsZAT12 contains elements related to abiotic stresses and phytohormones. The results of abiotic stresses and phytohormones treatment in rice also revealed that low temperature stress (4癈) and phytohormone ABA treatment significantly down-regulated OsZAT12 expression, while osmotic stress (20% PEG 6000), phytohormone BR or IAA treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of OsZAT12. These results indicate that OsZAT12 involves in the changes in response to abiotic stresses and phytohormones in rice. Homozygous OsZAT12 overexpression plants and OsZAT12 knockout plants were obtained using overexpression vector with 35S promoter and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, respectively. Observation of the phenotype of OsZAT12 overexpression rice showed that compared with the wild type, the plant height of OsZAT12 overexpression plants was significantly shorter at tillering stage, heading stage and maturity stage. The plant height of OsZAT12 knockout plants did not change significantly comparing with the wild type, while the panicle number and seed setting rate of them were significantly lower than those of the wild type. These results indicated that OsZAT12 affected the establishment of agronomic traits such as rice plant type, panicle type and seed setting rate. The results in this study further showed that overexpression of OsZAT12 reduces the sensitivity of rice to exogenous ABA, while the opposite phenotype was observed in OsZAT12 knockout plants. Taken together, it is speculated that the effect of OsZAT12 on plant growth and development might be related to the regulation of this gene in response to abiotic stresses and hormonal signals. This study might provide an experimental basis for molecular design breeding of stress-tolerant and stable yield using OsZAT12 in rice.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Different varieties have different resistances. In order to further explore the resistance differences in different varieties of pitaya fruit and provide a reference for further study on breeding of pitaya fruit resistance. Our study using Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing platform to sequencing the transcriptome of ‘Putongbairou’ （BR） and ‘Ecuador Yellow’ （EY）. Functional classification and enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes （DEGs） were performed by reference to GO Ontology, KEGG and others databases. The results were as follows: (1) There were 14 248 DEGs between BR and EY, of which 5 446 genes were up-regulated and 8 802 genes were down-regulated. (2) GO functional analysis showed that these DEGs are mainly involved in enzyme catalytic activity, cell components, metabolic processes, etc. Among them, there were 349 differential genes involved in oxidoreductase activity. (3) KEGG pathway analysis showed that most of the DEGs were enriched in metabolism, biosynthesis, etc. , and 12 key genes such as CYP86 and CER1 involving in Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis. We found the expression of DEGs involved in oxidoreductase activity were higher in BR than that in EY, which significantly enriched, indicating that may be differences in growth and cell metabolism between BR and EY. DEGs involved in the biosynthesis of Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis were up-regulated in BR. Such genes have higher expression in BR, and significantly enriched, suggesting that BR may be superior drought and disease resistance than EY.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： In order to explore the response mechanism of AP2/ERF gene family in the water stress of Olea europaea, this study performed transcriptome sequencing on the roots and leaves of two cultivars 'Frantoio' and 'TYZ-1' that were under drought and flooding stress. And based on the whole genome data, the protein physicochemical properties, gene structure and system evolution of AP2/ERF transcription factor in O. europaea were analyzed. At the same time, the difference in gene expression of AP2/ERF transcription factor related to water stress in the two O. europaea cultivars was analyzed by transcriptome sequencing data and verified by fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 110 AP2/ERF gene family members were identified in O. europaea. The amino acid size of the 110 proteins is 173-717bp, there is no signal peptide and it is a non-secreted protein. The phylogenetic tree was constructed between O. europaea AP2/ERF and model plant Arabidopsis AP2/ERF protein. It was found that O. europaea AP2/ERF protein was divided into four categories: AP2, RAV, ERF and Solosist. Among them, ERF is divided into two subtypes: ERF and DREB. ERF includes six subtypes of ERF B1 to ERF B6, and DREB includes six subtypes of DREB A1 to DREB A6, which is consistent with the classification of the model plant Arabidopsis AP2/ERF. Each subfamily contains AP2/ERF proteins of O. europaea and Arabidopsis at the same time, indicating that the AP2/ERF family of Arabidopsis and O. europaea are similar in evolution. (2) The analysis of gene structure and conserved elements found that the proteins of the same subfamily of O. europaea AP2/ERF have the same gene structure and conserved elements. Combining gene expression with genes with known water regulation functions in the evolutionary tree, it is preliminarily speculated that OeAP2-75, OeAP2-97, OeAP2-101, OeAP2-23, OeAP2-13 are closely related to the water regulation of O. europaea, OeAP2-13, OeAP2-28, OeAP2-104, OeAP2-75, OeAP2-80, OeAP2-50 have different expression levels in the two varieties. It is speculated that this may be the reason for the different resistance of 'Frantoio' and 'TYZ-1'. The RT-qPCR technique was used to detect the expression changes of O. europaea AP2/ERF gene under different stresses. The results showed that OeAP2-101, OeAP2-28, and OeAP2-42 were significantly up-regulated by water stress, which was consistent with the results of transcriptome analysis. The results of this study can lay a foundation for the research on the stress resistance expression and gene function of the AP2/ERF family genes of O. europaea, and provide a method and theoretical basis for the selection of drought-resistant and flood-tolerant rootstock varieties of O. europaea.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： The pharmacognostical study of Bauhinia aurea was conducted, and identification methods and quantitative determination method were established to solve the problem of its authenticity, analyze the reasons for its different clinical efficacy. The methods of primary identification, morphological identification, microscopic identification, TLC identification and HPLC were used in the pharmacognostical study of B. aurea. The results were as follows: (1) It is a perennial stout woody vine with reddish brown hairs on the surface of stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. (2) A large number of stone cell groups and crystal fibers could be seen in the cortex of the transverse section of stems. The calcium oxalate cluster crystals and square crystals were scattered in the parenchyma of pith. The cross section of the leaves showed that the leaves were bifacial leaves. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals and square crystals were commonly found in the cortex. Secretory cavities were arranged intermittently into a ring in the phloem. Crystal fibers were often seen around the phloem. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals, crystal fibers, stone cells, bordered pit vessels, non-glandular hairs and stomatas could be found in the powder. (3) The spots of samples were displayed in the same color as the reference substances in the same position of the TLC figure. (4) The linear ranges of astilbin and quercitin were 0.005 888~2.355 μg (R=0.999 6) and 0.039 55-1.582 μg (R=0.999 8). The average recoveries (n=6) were 96.42% (RSD=2.55%) and 104.2% (RSD=1.79%). Pharmacognostical identification methods and a HPLC method for simultaneous content determination of two components astilbin and quercitin in B. aurea were developed. The methods are simple, stable, accurate, which can be used as the basis to set up its quality standard.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2021-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Calcineurin B-like calcium sensor (CBL) is a Ca2+-binding protein that mediates the Ca2+ signal transduction process by interacting with Calcineurin B-like calcium sensor interacting protein kinase (CIPK). CBL-CIPK signaling system is involved in the response of plants to a variety of stress conditions. For insight into the chilling mechanism of CBL and CIPK in Jatropha curcas, the CBL and CIPK gene families were identified from J.curcas based on the BLAST method, and then the phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, expression profile, and functional interaction were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 8 CBL and 18 CIPK genes were identified from J.curcas genome. The protein length of CBLs and CIPKs ranged from 211 to 257 aa and 422 to 484 aa, respectively, and the putative isoelectric point ranged from 4.65 to 5.08 and 6.20 to 9.26, respectively. (2) Furthermore, the CBL family genes contained 8-10 exons, while the CIPK family genes were divided into 1-2 exons (11 genes) and 12-15 exons (7 genes). (3) Sequence alignment revealed that CBL proteins identified 1 atypical EF-hand motif consisting of 14 amino acid residues and 3 typical EF-hand motifs with different substitution, while CIPK proteins contained kinase domains in N-terminal and self-inhibiting FISL/NAF domains in C-terminal. (4) Chromosome mapping analysis indicated that 26 J.curcas CBL and CIPK genes were distributed with different densities on 9 chromosomes. (5) Transcriptome data analysis showed that most of the CBL and CIPK genes were highly expressed in J.curcas leaves, roots, and seeds. Among them, the up-regulated expression of JcCIPK14 and JcCIPK18 reached significant levels under cold stress, which was involved in the cold resistance of J.curcas. The results of this study might lay a significant foundation for further studies on the gene function and chilling signaling transduction mechanism of CBL and CIPK gene families in J.curcas.
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