Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2023-06-30 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： To study the chemical const ituents of Pteris ensiformis ensiformis. In this paper, silica gel, gel, MCI, C C18 and other column chromatography for separation and purification purification, and their structures were identified by 1H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, MS and IR spectra ; the antianti-tumor and anti anti-coagulation activiti es of some monomers were screened by MTS, APTT, PT and TT. The results were as follows follows：( 15 compounds were isolated from the P. ensiformis , the compounds were 2 2-hydroxylhydroxyl-acetyl pyrrole ( 1), N N-(3 - carboxypropyl)carboxypropyl)-2-acetyl pyrrole ( 2), 3 3-hydroxylhydroxyl-2-methylpyr idine ( 3), N N-methyl hydroxylamine ( 4), pterosin S 13 13-O-glucoside ( 5), obtupterosin C 6), entent-11 α- hydroxyhydroxy-15 -oxokauranoxokauran-19 -oic acid ( 7), entent-11 α-hydroxyhydroxy-15 -oxokauroxokaur-16 -en -19 -oic acid ( 8), β-sitosterol ( 9), entent-11 α-hydroxyhydroxy-15 -oxooxo-kaurkaur-16 -en -19 -oic acid acid-O-glu copy ranoside ( 10 ), 5, 5'-dibutoxydibutoxy-2, 2' 2'-bifuran ( 11 ), 5, 5'-di(2 -ethylethyl-hexyloxy)hexyloxy)-2, 2' 2'-bifuran (12 ), (-)-loliolide ( 13 ), succinic acid 14 ), fumaric acid 15 ). Compound 1 is a new natural product of pyrrole alkaloids. Compounds 1-7, 10 -15 were isolated fr from P. ensiformis for the first time, and compounds 1, 3, 4 were isolated from Pteris for the first time; (2) The results of activity testshowed that compounds 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 10 inhibited the growth of tumor cells HL HL-60, A549, SMMC SMMC-7721, MDA MDA-MB -231 and SW480 in vitro at a concentration of 40 μmol/L , At the concentration of 2.0 L, compounds 1, 2, 3 and 6 shortened APTT and compounds 1, 5 and 6 prolonged PT. The study enrichs the chemical constituent of Guizhou P. ensiformis and provide a material basi s for the development of anti anti-tumor drugs.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2023-06-05 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPS) have been shown to improve the salt tolerance of plant due to the potential to eliminate free radicals and the anti-oxidation properties. However, the effects and mechanisms of seed priming with CeO2NPS on pepper plant are unclear. To reveal impacts of CeO2NPS seed priming on the germination and seedling growth of peeper plants under salt stress, using the Maoshu 360 variety of pepper（Capsicum annuum）as material, a total of 7 concentrations of treatments (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mmol· L-1) and a control of un-treatment were carried out to investigate effects of CeO2NPS seed priming on seed germination rate, biomass, and selected physiological and biochemical indexes under salt stress. The results were as follows: (1) In the seeds primed with 0.5 mmol · L-1 cerium oxide nanoparticles, reduced levels of the superoxide anion (O2 ·−), increased activity of protein synthesis, elevated level of proline as well as increased activity of catalase (CAT), elevated content of ascorbic acid (AsA) and ratio of AsA/DHA were observed. (2)There was no loss of viability for the seeds primed with cerium oxide nanoparticles. Indeed their germination rate and germination potential were enhanced under salt stress, and their germination index, and vigor index were improved under salt stress. (3) Under salt stress, seedlings from seeds primed with 0.4 mmol·L-1 cerium oxide nanoparticles shown the highest fresh weight, dry weight, and root length; additionally, soluble protein content, ascorbic acid (AsA) content and AsA/DHA ratio were also improved. In conclusion, seed priming with CeO2NPS could enhance seed germination under salt stress by decreasing seed water potential, accelerating storage substances metabolism and improving antioxidant capacity; also, seed priming with CeO2NPS could promote seedling growth through boosting protein synthesis and ascorbic acid-glutathione cycle (AsA-GSH).
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2023-06-05 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： In recent years, many studies have shown that extreme climate events occur more frequently. The extreme climate led to frequent drought and inundation events, which affected the growth of both exotic and native plants. In order to discuss the strategies of exotic and native plants in adapting to temporal heterogeneity in water conditions by investigating their responses to the sequence of drought and inundation events, four native and four exotic perennial herbaceous species in western Montana, USA were used as study objects. All plants were treated with moderate water (CK), initial inundation before drought (I-D) and initial drought before inundation (D-I) conditions, and variations in a series of morphological and biomass traits were measured. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with CK, both D-I and I-D treatments significantly reduced the total biomass of exotic species (P < 0.05). (2) D-I treatment significantly reduced the total biomass at the early stage, and late belowground biomass and root: shoot ratio of native species, but significantly improved their later relative growth (P < 0.05). (3) D-I treatment significantly reduced the scaling exponent of the allometric relationship between belowground and aboveground biomass for all plants, with a higher allometric exponent for exotic species than native species (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the sequence of extreme events (inundation and drought) could alter the allocation of biomass between exotic and native plants. Early drought was more likely to reduce the accumulation of plant biomass than late drought, but it could promote the growth of native species in late period. The total biomass of native species was not reduced under environmental stress, indicating that native species had a strong ability to maintain phenotypic stability. Distribution patterns of aboveground and belowground biomass relationships were different between native and exotic species under D-I treatment.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2023-06-05 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Symbiotic microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia both promote host plant N acquisition, but whether and how the combination affects host plant nitrogen (N) assimilation remains unclear. To clarify the role of AMF and rhizobia on N assimilation in white clover (Trifolium repens), the effect of single or combined inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Paraglomus occultum and a rhizobium Rhizobium trifolii on plant growth, photosynthesis, leaf N and amino acid contents, and the activities of N assimilation-related enzymes were analyzed in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) under potted conditions. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The plant height, stolon length, leaf number, shoot biomass, total biomass, chlorophyll b and total chlorothyll contents, steady-state light quantum efficiency, and leaf N contents of white clover were significantly increased by single inoculation with P. occultum, single R. trifolii, and combined inoculations of P. occultum and R. trifolii, along with the order of combined inoculations of P. occultum and R. trifolii > single P. occultum > single R. trifolii > non-inoculation control. (2) Combined inoculations of P. occultum and R. trifolii significantly increased the contents of various amino acids including alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, glutamic acid and histidine in leaves of white clover, and distinctly improved the activities of nitroreductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase, asparagine synthetase, and aspartate aminotransferase. In addition, the introduction of R. trifolii significantly promoted the colonization of P. occultum to roots of white clover, suggesting the partnership between the two. Therefore, it is concluded that combined inoculations of AMF and rhizobia promote N assimilation, generate more amino acids, and further promote the growth of white clover by activating the activities of N assimilation-related enzymes. It is further demonstrated that AMF and rhizobia have synergistic effects on promoting N assimilation of white clover.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2023-06-05 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Plant endophytic fungal is an important biological resource and have shown significant applications in medicine and in the biological control of agricultural pests and diseases. This study focused on the diversity of endophytic fungi of potato (Solanum tuberosum) samples from three regions of Yunnan Province, namely, Mangshi City in Dehong Prefecture, Xizhou County in Dali Prefecture, and Shuangjiang County in Lincang City. The tissue blocks of prepared potato roots, stems and tubers were isolated and cultured using the method of tissue block isolation. Well-grown colonies were purified using the method of tip mycelium selection. The endophytic fungi were identified by morphological methods and ITS sequence analysis. Then, the colonization rate, isolation rate and diversity index of the endophytic fungi were calculated and analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 98 endophytic fungi were isolated, including 40 strains samples from Mangshi City in Dehong Prefecture, 27 strains from Xizhou County in Dali Prefecture and 31 strains from Shuangjiang County in Lincang City. (2) The endophytic fungi isolated from potatoes were identified to include 10 orders, 10 families and 13 genera, mostly of the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with Fusarium and Penicillium as the dominant fungi. Five species of fungi, Emericella rugulosa, Fusarium sambucinum, Stereum hirsutum, Psathyrella sulcatotuberculosa and Epicoccum catenisporum were first reported to be isolated from potato plants. (3) Potato tubers had the highest colonization rate of endophytic fungi and roots had the lowest; while the isolation rate of endophytic fungi was highest in potato roots and lowest in stems. The trend of diversity index of endophytic fungi in different tissues were H'root > H'tuber > H'stem. In conclusion, the endophytic fungi in Yunnan potato plants are highly diverse, with different endophytic fungal dominants in potato samples among the three localities. Potato roots have the richest endophytic fungal populations and the highest isolation rate, and are therefore the most suitable material for endophytic fungal isolation. The above results provide a basis for later investigation of the antagonistic effect of endophytic fungi on pathogens in potato.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2023-06-05 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is located in the middle mountainous region of Hainan Province, and it has a diverse landscape with 95.56% forest coverage. Studying the evolutionary aspects of the landscape pattern in time and space in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is extremely important for preserving and enhancing Hainan Province's ecological security barrier. The landscape pattern index, landscape single-motion attitude, and transfer matrix were used to examine the geographical and temporal evolution features of the landscape pattern of ten types of land cover types in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park between 2015 and 2020. The paper used ground cover data from the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park between 2015 and 2020 to develop a landscape pattern distribution system based on actual ecological situations. Other elements that affected the evolution of the landscape pattern in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park included policies, climate, and other natural and human factors. The results were as follows: (1) The overall landscape fragmentation of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park reduced between 2015 and 2020, increasing spatial agglomeration of the landscape, decreasing integrated dynamic attitude, and generally steady development of landscape types. (2) The area of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the tropical rainforest has increased in five years, with an increase of 531.38 km2, a decrease in fragmentation, and a positive growth trend, and the landscape tends to be concentrated in patches; on the other hand, the area of needle-leaved forest and shrubwood has been significantly reduced, with losses of 189.53 km2 and 294.74 km2 respectively; there was also a partial transformation of water. The area of the water landscape has been somewhat reduced, and the patches tend to be concentrated and spread; the remainder of the landscape types account for a relatively modest amount, and develop and change in the direction of natural succession. (3) The landscape pattern evolution of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park was primarily based on natural succession of the rainforest, followed by a comprehensive impact of policy, climate, and other factors, which reduced human factors on the tropical rainforest landscape interference and was conducive to improving the rainforest ecosystem's self-healing capacity. To summarize, the landscape pattern of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park has been stable since the commencement of the pilot project, and policy direction has played an essential constructive role. The targeted conservation and restoration of the tropical rain forest environment will help to the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park's long-term growth.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2023-06-05 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Except for Cymbidium lancifolium, all the Cymbidium species have been listed as national key protected wild plants, and the research of its future distribution patterns under the future climate would provide a reference and basis to protect this genus effectively. This paper gathered the distribution information of Cymbidium and 19 climatic factors, and used the Maximum Entropy Model (MaxEnt) and Geographic Information System (ArcGIS) to predict the future distribution patterns of the Cymbidium in China and its 20 species. The future distribution patterns were predicted under nine different climate scenarios, including the current climate and eight future climate scenarios. We also analyzed the dominant climate factors affecting the distribution. The results were as follows: (1) The precipitation of the driest quarter (Bio17), annual precipitation (Bio12) and temperature seasonality (Bio04) are the dominant climate factors affecting the future distribution of Cymbidium. (2) The analysis of species-level shows that the suitable areas of different Cymbidium species have different change trends in the future scenario, and the dominant climate factors affecting them are also different. The suitable habitat area of eight Cymbidium species such as C. dayanum trends gradually increases, while the suitable habitat area of 12 Cymbidium species such as C. tracyanum decreases. In conclusion, this study can provide an important reference for in-situ and ex-situ conservation of Cymbidium, and has positive significance to the protection of Cymbidium and other endangered wild plants.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2023-06-05 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Rubus suavissimus is mainly distributed in Guilin, Liuzhou, Wuzhou and other regions in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, so it is called as “Guangxi tiancha” in Chinese. R. suavissimus, together with Siraitia grosvenorii and Stevia rebaudianastevia are praised as three famous sweet plants in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Zhuang and Yao people use the leaves of R. suavissimus as a tea to treat diabetes, and it is known as the “divine tea” of Yao medicine. Therefore, R. suavissimus is a combination of sugar, tea and medicine, which has great potential for the development of food and medicine. In order to investigate the secondary metabolites with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from R. suavissimus, herein, the extraction, separation and purification of secondary metabolites were performed on the leaves of R. suavissimus. The structures of purified compounds were determined based on the data of mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR). In addition, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the purified compounds were evaluated by pharmacological methods simultaneously. The results were as follows: (1) Ten compounds were purified and their structures were elucidated as rubusoside (1), kaempferol 3-O-robinobioside (2), gallic acid (3), dehydroconiferyl alcohol (4), 5-methoxydehydroconiferyl alcohol (5), brevifolincarboxylic acid (6), steviolmonoside (7), steviol (8), 16α, 17-dihydroxykaurane (9), and quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (10). (2) Among them, compounds 2, 4, 5 and 9 were isolated from R. suavissimus for the first time. Compounds 2, 3, 5, 6 and 10 showed strong inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase. The IC50 values of compounds 2, 3, 5, 6 and 10 were (0.14 ± 0.03) mg • mL-1, (0.36 ± 0.02) mg • mL-1, (0.44 ± 0.01) mg • mL-1, (0.53 ± 0.04) mg • mL-1 and (0.14 ± 0.03) mg • mL-1 respectively, which were stronger than the positive control acarbose with the IC50 values as (0.69 ± 0.02) mg • mL-1. Thus, compounds 2, 3, 5, 6 and 10, which were isolated from the leaves of R. suavissimus, could be a potential α-glucosidase inhibitors base on their bioactivity results. Compounds with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from R. suavissimus will provide the basis for development of hypoglycemic related products.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2023-06-05 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： To investigate the effects of two different water sources, domestic sewage and nutrient solution, on the decomposition of residual roots and the transformation of chromium chemical forms in Cr6+ contaminated constructed wetlands, a micro Coix lachryma-jobi L constructed wetland was constructed to treat chromium containing wastewater [ using domestic sewage (DWS) and 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution (HNS) as simulated solutions containing 0, 20, and 40mg· L-1Cr (VI), respectively]. By using the buried root decomposition method, we studied the decomposition dynamics of residual roots and the transformation pattern of chromium chemical forms.The results were as follows : (1) Under 20 and 40 mg· L-1 (Ⅵ) stress, the growth of Coix lacryma-jobi L was inhibited. The plant height and stem diameter of HNS treatment were greater than those of DWS treatment, but the plant height and stem diameter of HNS treatment were more inhibited by Cr (Ⅵ) than those of DWS treatment; (2) The decomposition rate of Coix lacryma-jobi L residual roots decreased with the increase of Cr (Ⅵ) concentration, and the decomposition rate of HNS treatment was higher than that of DWS treatment. After 60 days of decomposition, under DWS treatment, the residual root chromium content of 20 and 40 mg· L-1Cr (Ⅵ) treatment decreased by 11.7% and 8.09% respectively compared with that at the initial stage of root burial, while under HNS treatment, the residual root chromium content decreased by 15.8% and 18.42% respectively. The percentage of residual chromium in Coix lacryma-jobi L root residues at 20 and 40 mg· L-1 treatments decreased with the extension of root burial time, while the percentage of ethanol-extracted chromium and deionized water extracted chromium increased, and the percentage of acetic acid bound chromium increased significantly; (3) In the early stage of residual root decomposition, the COD, TN, NH4-N, and total chromium content in the effluent treated with HNS and DWS increased, and then decreased. The trend of change is consistent with the residual root decomposition process. HNS treated constructed wetlands are more efficient in removing chromium from wastewater. The research results indicate that after harvesting plants in constructed wetlands, root decomposition can quickly increase the chromium content in the effluent, and appropriately improve the nutritional status in wastewater, which can promote residual root decomposition and removal of chromium by wetlands.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2023-06-05 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Water content is a key factor influencing the seed cryopreservation, but its effecting mechanism is not fully understood. In order to provide theoretical basis for further improving the seeds viability after cryopreservation, the effect and way of water content on the viability of seed cryopreservation were explored. Malus � robusta seeds with different water contents were obtained by silica gel. The seed viability, sugar content and related enzyme indexes before and after cryopreservation were measured and correlation analysis were done. The results were as follows: (1) After 15 days of cryopreservation, the viability of seeds with different water contents was different, and the viability of seeds showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing as the water content of seeds decreased, and the seeds with 9.02% water content had the highest germination rate, at 53.33%. But after 120 days of cryopreservation, the viability of seeds increased as the water content decreased, and the seeds with 6.40%water content got the highest germination rate, at 27.78%. This indicates that the water content of Malus � robusta seeds has a significant effect on the viability after cryopreservation. It is affected by the storage time in liquid nitrogen, and the optimum water content decreases as the storage time extended in liquid nitrogen. (2) Correlation analysis showed that water content was significantly negatively correlated with viability, both water content and viability were correlated with sucrose and fructose content, acid invertase was correlated with water content, viability, sucrose and fructose, and fructokinase was correlated with viability, suggesting that water content affects the content of sucrose and fructose through effecting the activity of acid converting enzymes, which in turn affects sucrose metabolism to respond to low temperature and dehydration stress, ultimately leading to differences in viability. The seed viability is also affected by fructose metabolism through fructose kinase. Besides, alginate is one of the important regulatory substances of Malus � robusta seeds in response to water and low temperature stresses. In summary, water content has a significant effect on the viability of Malus � robusta seeds cryopreservation through the combined effect of sucrose and fructose metabolism. This study provides a theoretical reference to further explore the cryopreservation mechanism of seed.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2023-06-05 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) is a typical tropical cash crop that is not chilling-tolerant. Low temperature stress seriously affects the quality and yield of pitaya. It is an efficient and safe method to apply exogenous natural substances to improve the chilling tolerance of plants. Salicylic acid (SA) not only regulates many physiological and biochemical processes such as seed germination, growth, fruiting and senescence, but also helps plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the role of exogenous SA in chilling tolerance of pitaya has not been reported. To explore the effect of exogenous SA on the morphology structure and physiology of pitaya seedlings under low temperature, the leaves of "Zihonglong" seedlings were sprayed with SA at four concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mmol·L-1). 48 h after spraying, seedlings were incubated at 4 °C. The change in the morphology and leaf tissue structure of pitaya seedlings were observed at 0, 3, 6, and 9 d. Physiological indexes such as relative electrical conductivity, content of malondialdehyde, content of osmotic regulators (soluble sugar, soluble protein, proline) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase) activity in leaves were measured. The results were as follows: (1) Under low temperature stress, pitaya seedlings showed chilling injury of grade 0, gradeⅠand gradeⅡ. The leaf shape, color and cell structure of pitaya with different chilling injury symptoms were quite different. The percentages of grade Ⅰand gradeⅡchilling injury of pitaya seedlings treated with SA were significantly reduced. (2) Compared with the low temperature control, SA treatment could reduce the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content of pitaya leaves, and increase the content of osmotic regulators and antioxidant enzyme activities.(3) After comparing with different SA treatments, SA at 0.3 mmol·L-1 had the best effect on relieving chilling injury symptoms, reducing the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content, increasing the soluble sugar and proline content, and increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase. The optimal SA concentrations for increasing soluble protein content, peroxidase activity and catalase activity were 0.7, 0.1 and 0.5 mmol·L-1, respectively. In summary, exogenous SA could alleviate chilling injury of pitaya seedlings under 4 °C, and had a positive physiological effect on improving chilling tolerance of seedlings. Exogenous SA at 0.3 mmol·L-1 was more suitable.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2023-06-05 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Seed priming is proved to be an efficient way to improve crop salt tolerance, which is a measure of pre-treating seed with various agents while obtaining enhancement to crop performance at growing stage. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid involved in various metabolic processes, and partially protects plants from environmental stress. Enhancing effects of GABA priming on germination characteristics and abiotic stress have been established in several crops. However, effects and its mechanisms of GABA seed priming on salt tolerance of pepper (Capsicum annuum) are still unknown. In this study, a hybrid pepper variety of “Maoshu 360” Chaotian Pepper was used as material, the effects of seed priming with various concentrations of GABA (0 μmol·L-1, 1.0 μmol·L-1, 2.0 μmol·L-1, 4.0 μmol·L-1, 6.0 μmol·L-1, 8.0 μmol·L-1) on plant biomass, leaf osmotic regulating substance, leaf antioxidant capacity, leaf photosynthesis system, potassium and sodium uptake and distribution between leaf and shoot of pepper plants under 100 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress applied at 4-6 leaf stage were investigated. The results were as follows: (1) From the point of plant growth under salt stress, the best concentration of GABA for seed priming of pepper was 6.0 μmol·L-1, which greatly boosted the biomass of pepper plants under salt stress. (2) The mechanisms of GABA seed priming promoting salt tolerance of pepper were further analyzed. Seed priming increased the leaf contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, chlorophyll and proline, decreased the leaf contents of ·O2 - and malondialdehyde (MDA), and enhanced the leaf activities of antioxidant enzymes, including super oxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), raised several chlorophyll fluorescence metrics, including Fv′/Fm′, qP_Lss, QY_Lss, NPQ_Lss and Rfd, reduced the K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio in roots and stems. (3) For a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of GABA seed priming promoting salt tolerance of pepper, a grey correlation analysis were carried out. Based on results of grey correlation analysis, seed priming with GABA significantly alleviated salt stress to pepper plants by boosting the activities of the antioxidant enzymes POD and CAT as well as increasing the levels of osmotic regulators. In conclusion, seed priming with 6.0 μmol·L-1 GABA significantly increased salt tolerance of pepper seedlings, probably by improving antioxidant and osmotic regulating capacities of pepper plants.
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