Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2018-06-25 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：为有力的推动猕猴桃产业化种苗生产及推广，快速高效的繁育猕猴桃新种质资源，同时为猕猴桃多倍体育种、转基因育种等新兴育种技术创造新种质资源奠定基础，该研究以‘东红’猕猴桃叶片、叶柄为外植体，探讨了不同植物生长调节剂种类及质量浓度组合对不定芽诱导过程中不定芽形成的影响，并研究了不同植物生长调节剂对‘东红’组培苗不定根诱导的影响。结果表明，‘东红’再生最佳外植体为叶柄。叶柄不定芽再生最佳培养基为MS + 0.5 μg·mL-1 6-BA + 0.2 μg·mL-1 NAA，不定芽平均再生率为91.2%，不定芽经过壮苗培养（MS + 0.2 μg·mL-1 6-BA + 0.05 μg·mL-1 NAA），取2～3 cm高幼苗进行生根诱导，不定根再生 率为93%，平均根数为6条。生根后，种苗移栽成活率达80%以上。初步建立了‘东红’叶柄高效再生体系，为猕猴桃快速的产业化种苗生产提供有力保证，也为后期猕猴桃育种研究提供理论依据。
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2018-06-25 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： In order to obtain high vitality and regeneration ability of sugarcane protoplast, this experiment was done to study the protoplast of frozen storage liquid combination, frozen storage temperature, frozen storage time and recovery temperature. The results showed that: （1） Different cryopreservation, different cryopreservation temperature and different sources of protoplast of different materials have significant difference on the vitality of the protoplast of sugarcane. Compared with the combination of three frozen liquid deposits, in combination 2 (70% medium +20% serum +10% DMSO), the recovery activity was the strongest after 30 days, as high as 72%. Cryopreserved recovery within 90 days, liquid nitrogen -80 oC and -196 oC freezer, sugarcane protoplast energy difference was not significant, and the vigor was above 75%. But after 90 days of frozen-storage, the protoplast dynamic at -196 oC was stronger than -80 oC after recovery. For different materials, the protoplast dynamic of the young leaves frozen stored for 30 days was up to 79.2%, and the protoplast dynamic of stem tip frozen for 30 days was only 42.7%.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2018-06-25 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： As provincial new distributions, one genus and eight species (contain 2 variety) of dicotyledon from western Hubei and northwest Hunan are reported in this paper. Among these species, new distributions of Hubei are Tubocapsicum anomalum, Thalictrum alpinum var. elatum, Sanguisorba filiformis, Sanguisorba officinalis var. glandulosa, Embelia undulate, Physaliastrum chamaesarachoides, Mentha sachalinensis and Salvia tricuspis. Among these species, Tubocapsicum anomalum is belongs to Tubocapsicum, which is a newly recorded genus in Hubei. New distributions of Hunan is Gleadovia mupinense. According to IUCN Red List Criteria, Gleadovia mupinense is regarded as Endangered (EN). These new distributions enrich floristic region of central China and have some significance in plant protection.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2018-06-25 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Yao nationality is a nation with a long history and splendid culture, which is distributed in provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan provinces. Its distinctive natural cognition enriches our traditional cultural knowledge base. They are named because there are many bright red patterns on women clothing. Hong-Yao is a branch of the Yao nationality, their living customs are full of national characteristics, and their use of plants, especially medicinal plants, is different from those of other nationalities. An classical ethnobotanical investigation on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants was implemented among Hong-Yao communities in Longsheng, Guangxi. The inventory was given based on their scientific name, Chinese name, local name, usage and using parts.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2018-06-25 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Medog County, Tibet is located at the junction of the Eastern Himalaya and Indo-Burma region, one of biodiversity hotspot in Himalaya areas, which is the core area of Yarlungzangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve. The county has a mild subtropical climate. As the lowest area in Tibet Plateau, it is an ideal place in Tibet with the mildest climate, the most abundant rainfalls and the best preserved ecological environment. It is known as Tibet’s Xishuangbanna, it is abundant with immense forests, alpine lakes and raging waterfalls. During our botanical survey in Medog county of southeastern Tibet. Two new records to flora of China, Ceratostylis radiata J.J.Sm. and Bulbophyllum psychoon Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae), are described and illustrated. Ceratostylis radiata has white flower, star-shaped without colored spot, with short stem 2–2.5 cm, lip 3-lobed. Bulbophyllum psychoon is similar to B. levinei, but this species was easy identified by its petals ovate, apex obtuse, flowering from November to December. Both of the voucher specimens were deposited in Herbarium of XZ and PE. Both of orchids are original distributed in India, Myanmar and Vitenam. The discovery of the two new record species in Medog, enriches the plant species in the Southeast of Tibet in China, shows that there is a certin relationship between the flora of Medog and the original distribution areas, and it also confirms that Medog is a subtropical region and the species of distribution elevation above the orginal distribution range, flowering period also delayed. Over-collection and habitat destruction are the most threat to orchid species in this area.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2018-06-25 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Wumeng Mountain is located in the joint zonation between western semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest and eastern humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in China. Formation Castanopsis platyacantha, Schima sinensis is a typical forest in this area with complex and diverse types that are only occurrence of Yunnan. Formation Castanopsis platyacantha, Schima scinensis in Wumeng Mountain was categorized into the Mid-montane wet evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan, but it is more close to the eastern humid evergreen broad-leaved forest. Therefore, Its distribution and community characteristics have certain research significance. In order to more understand the community characteristics of this formation in more detail, and find out its relationship with the eastern moist evergreen broad-leaved forest. In this paper, we made clustering analysis on the basis of canopy and shrub layer species of 26 plots. Then, the dominant species in tree and shrubs layer were analyzed by size class structure, height structure, and importance value.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2018-06-25 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Ecological floating bed system has been the hotspot of research and application in the comprehensive management of polluted water environment. In order to analyze the effects of its plant diversity and composition on purification of domestic sewage, this study established five species richness levels and two composition arrangements by using Arundo donax as dominant and constructive species, and measured the plant growth, system productivity and N, P, COD removal. The results indicated that the individual biomass and relative growth rate (RGR) of wetland plants (such as A. donax) decreased with increasing species richness, while the survival and growth of mesophytes were promoted. Higher species richness decreased the productivity of the system, but increased significantly the removal of N, P and COD. At the same level of species richness, the composition with more mesophytes had lower system productivity than that with more wetland plant species, but the former had higher N, P and COD removal. Under the same species richness and composition, P removal was highest, N removal was followed, and COD removal was lowest.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2018-06-25 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： The study investigated the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Ageratina adenophora leaves on plant chlorophyll of 7 native species in China including Pinus massoniana , Cunninghamia lanceolata, Broussonetia papyifera, Castanea mollissima, Camellia oleifera, Zanthoxylum bungeanu and Pyracantha fortuneana. through five levels (30, 15, 5, 2.5, and 0 mg穖L-1) of treatment, After termination of the experiment, the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in each of the 7 recipient plants were measured by the milling-ultraviolet spectrophotometer method, the parameters of seedling height, ground diameter, crown width and biomass were measured. Results showed: The effect of aqueous extracts from leaves of Ageratina adenophora on the chlorophyll content of 7 species of native plant seedlings showed no effect at low concentrations. High-concentration treatment had different effects on 7 Plant seedlings, Pinus massoniana showed an increase, while Camellia oleifera and Zanthoxylum bungeanu were not affected, while contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll of Cunninghamia lanceolata, Castanea mollissima, and Broussonetia papyiferaa were significantly decreased. Pyracantha fortuneana had only chlorophyll b decline.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2016-05-31
Abstract： Grassland agriculture is experiencing a number of threats including declining profitability and loss of area to other land uses including expansion of the built environment as well as from cropland and forestry. The use of grassland as a natural resource either in terms of existing vegetation and land cover or planting of new species for bioenergy and other nonfood applications presents an opportunity, and potential solution, to maintain the broader ecosystem services that perennial grasslands provide as well as to improve the options for grassland farmers and their communities. This paper brings together different grass or grassland-based studies and considers them as part of a continuum of strategies that, when also combined with improvements in grassland production systems,will improve the overall efficiency of grasslands as an important natural resource and enable a greater area to be managed, replanted or conserved. These diversification options relate to those most likely to be available to farmers and land owners in the marginally economic or uneconomic grasslands of middle to northern Europe and specifically in the UK. Grasslands represent the predominant global land use and so these strategies are likely to be relevant to other areas although the grass species used may vary. The options covered include the use of biomass derived from the management of grasses in the urban and semi urban environment, semi-natural grassland systems as part of ecosystem management, pasture in addition to livestock production, and the planting and cropping of dedicated energy grasses. The adoption of such approaches would not only increase income from economically marginal grasslands, but would also mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production and help fund conservation of these valuable grassland ecosystems and landscapes, which is increasingly becoming a challenge.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2016-05-31
Abstract： A key global 21st century challenge is to maximize agricultural production while minimizing use of resources such as land, water, and energy to meet rising demand for produce. To meet this challenge, while also adapting to climate change, agriculture will have to become more knowledge intensive and deploy smarter farming techniques. The intention of this study was to: (1)Highlight the opportunity for web-based knowledge exchange to increase farm productivity and thus contribute to achieving food and energy security, (2) Give some examples of online farming information services such as the “CROPROTECT” tool I am developing in the UK, the CABI “Plantwise” Knowledge Bank and the IRRI “Rice Doctor,” and (3) Consider lessons learnt so far.There are huge opportunities to facilitate knowledge exchange through online systems for farmers and people who advise farmers. CROPROTECT is interacting with users to determine priorities in terms of the pests, weeds, and diseases covered and is providing key information to assist with their management. Knowledge is a critical input for farming systems. Crop protection in particular is becoming more difficult due to evolution of pest resistance and changes in legislation.Up to date information can be made rapidly available and shared online through websites and smartphone Apps. Agricultural extension no longer relies solely on physical meetings and printed documents. The capacity to share information via the Internet is tremendous with its potential to reach a wide audience in the farming community, to provide rapid updates and to interact more with the users. However, in an era of information deluge,accessing relevant information and ensuring reliability are essential considerations. There is also a need to bring science and farming communities together to turn information into relevant farming knowledge.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2016-05-27
Abstract：S.S.Z. performed the research with the help of L.S., X.D. and S.J.L. W.T. supervised the bioinformatics analysis. S.S.Z. and J.X.L. designed the experiment, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2016-05-04
Abstract：
Local haplotype patterns surrounding densely spaced DNA markers with significant trait associations can reveal information on selective sweeps and genome diversity associated with important crop traits. Relationships between haplotype and phenotype diversity, coupled with analysis of gene content in conserved haplotype blocks, can provide insight into coselection for nonrelated traits. We performed genome-wide analysis of haplotypes associated with the important physiological and agronomic traits leaf chlorophyll and seed glucosinolate content, respectively, in the major oilseed crop species Brassica napus. A locus on chromosome A01 showed opposite effects on leaf chlorophyll content and seed glucosinolate content, attributed to strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between orthologues of the chlorophyll biosynthesis genes EARLY LIGHT-INDUCED PROTEIN and CHLOROPHYLL SYNTHASE, and the glucosinolate synthesis gene ATP SULFURYLASE 1. Another conserved haplotype block, on chromosome A02, contained a number of chlorophyll-related genes in LD with orthologues of the key glucosinolate biosynthesis genes METHYLTHIOALKYMALATE SYNTHASE-LIKE 1 and 3. Multigene haplogroups were found to have a significantly greater contribution to variation for chlorophyll content than haplotypes for any single gene, suggesting positive effects of additive locus accumulation. Detailed reanalysis of population substructure revealed a clade of ten related accessions exhibiting high leaf chlorophyll and low seed glucosinolate content. These accessions each carried one of the above-mentioned haplotypes from A01 or A02, generally in combination with further chlorophyll-associated haplotypes from chromosomes A05 and/or C05. The phenotypic rather than pleiotropic correlations between leaf chlorophyll content index and seed GSL suggest that LD may have led to inadvertent coselection for these two traits.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2016-05-04
Dejene Kassahun Mengistu
Yosef Gebrehawaryat Kidane
Marcello Catellani
Elisabetta Frascaroli
Carlo Fadda
Mario Enrico Pè
Matteo Dell'Acqua
Abstract：
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is a key crop worldwide, and yet, its improvement and adaptation to emerging environmental threats is made difficult by the limited amount of allelic variation included in its elite pool. New allelic diversity may provide novel loci to international crop breeding through quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in unexplored material. Here, we report the extensive molecular and phenotypic characterization of hundreds of Ethiopian durum wheat landraces and several Ethiopian improved lines. We test 81 587 markers scoring 30 155 single nucleotide polymorphisms and use them to survey the diversity, structure, and genome-specific variation in the panel. We show the uniqueness of Ethiopian germplasm using a siding collection of Mediterranean durum wheat accessions. We phenotype the Ethiopian panel for ten agronomic traits in two highly diversified Ethiopian environments for two consecutive years and use this information to conduct a genome-wide association study. We identify several loci underpinning agronomic traits of interest, both confirming loci already reported and describing new promising genomic regions. These loci may be efficiently targeted with molecular markers already available to conduct marker-assisted selection in Ethiopian and international wheat. We show that Ethiopian durum wheat represents an important and mostly unexplored source of durum wheat diversity. The panel analysed in this study allows the accumulation of QTL mapping experiments, providing the initial step for a quantitative, methodical exploitation of untapped diversity in producing a better wheat.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2016-05-03
Catherine Kramer
Phil Brune
Justin McDonald
Monique Nesbitt
Alaina Sauve
Sabine Storck-Weyhermueller
Abstract：
Data requirements are not harmonized globally for the regulation of food and feed derived from stacked genetically modified (GM) events, produced by combining individual GM events through conventional breeding. The data required by some regulatory agencies have increased despite the absence of substantiated adverse effects to animals or humans from the consumption of GM crops. Data from studies conducted over a 15-year period for several stacked GM event maize (Zea mays L.) products (Bt11 × GA21, Bt11 × MIR604, MIR604 × GA21, Bt11 × MIR604 × GA21, Bt11 × MIR162 × GA21 and Bt11 × MIR604 × MIR162 × GA21), together with their component single events, are presented. These data provide evidence that no substantial changes in composition, protein expression or insert stability have occurred after combining the single events through conventional breeding. An alternative food and feed risk assessment strategy for stacked GM events is suggested based on a problem formulation approach that utilizes (i) the outcome of the single event risk assessments, and (ii) the potential for interactions in the stack, based on an understanding of the mode of action of the transgenes and their products.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2016-05-03
Hyeran Kim
Sang-Tae Kim
Jahee Ryu
Min Kyung Choi
Jiyeon Kweon
Beum-Chang Kang
Hyo-Min Ahn
Suji Bae
Jungeun Kim
Jin-Soo Kim
Sang-Gyu Kim
Abstract：
CRISPR-Cas9 system is now widely used to edit a target genome in animals and plants. Cas9 protein derived from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) cleaves double-stranded DNA targeted by a chimeric single-guide RNA (sgRNA). For plant genome editing, Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA transformation has been broadly used to express Cas9 proteins and sgRNAs under the control of CaMV 35S and U6/U3 promoter, respectively. We here developed a simple and high-throughput binary vector system to clone a 19−20 bp of sgRNA, which binds to the reverse complement of a target locus, in a large T-DNA binary vector containing an SpCas9 expressing cassette. Two-step cloning procedures: (1) annealing two target-specific oligonucleotides with overhangs specific to the AarI restriction enzyme site of the binary vector; and (2) ligating the annealed oligonucleotides into the two AarI sites of the vector, facilitate the high-throughput production of the positive clones. In addition, Cas9-coding sequence and U6/U3 promoter can be easily exchanged via the GatewayTM system and unique EcoRI/XhoI sites on the vector, respectively. We examined the mutation ratio and patterns when we transformed these constructs into Arabidopsis thaliana and a wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata. Our vector system will be useful to generate targeted large-scale knock-out lines of model as well as non-model plant.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2016-05-03
Abstract：
Nuclear migration and positioning are crucial for the morphogenesis of plant cells. We addressed the potential role of nuclear positioning for polarity induction using an experimental system based on regenerating protoplasts, where the induction of a cell axis de novo can be followed by quantification of specific regeneration stages. Using overexpression of fluorescently tagged extranuclear (perinuclear actin basket, kinesins with a calponin homology domain (KCH)) as well as intranuclear (histone H2B) factors of nuclear positioning and time-lapse series of the early stages of regeneration, we found that nuclear position is no prerequisite for polarity formation. However, polarity formation and nuclear migration were both modulated in the transgenic lines, indicating that both phenomena depend on factors affecting cytoskeletal tensegrity and chromatin structure. We integrated these findings into a model where retrograde signals are required for polarity induction. These signals travel via the cytoskeleton from the nucleus toward targets at the plasma membrane.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2016-05-03
Abstract：
Eukaryotic Argonaute proteins play primary roles in miRNA and siRNA pathways that are essential for numerous developmental and biological processes. However, the functional roles of the four ZmAGO1 genes have not yet been characterized in maize (Zea mays L.). In the present study, ZmAGO1a was identified from four putative ZmAGO1 genes for further characterization. Complementation of the Arabidopsis ago1-27 mutant with ZmAGO1a indicated that constitutive overexpression of ZmAGO1a could restore the smaller rosette, serrated leaves, later flowering and maturation, lower seed set, and darker green leaves at late stages of the mutant to the wild-type phenotype. The expression profiles of ZmAGO1a under five different abiotic stresses indicated that ZmAGO1a shares expression patterns similar to those of Argonaute genes in rice, Arabidopsis, and wheat. Further, variation in ZmAGO1a alleles among diverse maize germplasm that resulted in several amino acid changes revealed genetic diversity at this locus. The present data suggest that ZmAGO1a might be an important AGO1 ortholog in maize. The results presented provide further insight into the function of ZmAGO1a.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2016-05-03
Abstract：
The evolution of long corolla tubes has been hypothesized to be driven by long-tongued pollinators. Corolla tubes in Pedicularis species can be longer than 10 cm which may function as flower stalks to increase visual attractiveness to pollinators because these species provide no nectar and are pollinated by bumblebees. The corolla tube length was manipulated (shorter or longer) in two Pedicularis species in field to examine whether longer tubes are more attractive to pollinators and produce more seeds than short tubes. Our results did not support the pollinator attraction hypothesis, leaving the evolution of long tubes in Pedicularis remains mysterious.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2016-05-03
Abstract： Plants have evolved a large number of transcription factors (TF), which are enriched among duplicate genes, highlighting their roles in complex regulatory networks. The APETALA2/EREBP-like genes constitute a large plant TF family and participate in development and stress responses. To probe the conservation and divergence of AP2/EREBP genes, we analyzed the duplication patterns of this family in Brassicaceae and identified interacting proteins of representative Arabidopsis AP2/EREBP proteins. We found that many AP2/EREBP duplicates generated early in Brassicaceae history were quickly lost, but many others were retained in all tested Brassicaceae species, suggesting early functional divergence followed by persistent conservation. In addition, the sequences of the AP2 domain and exon numbers were highly conserved in rosids. Furthermore, we used 16 A. thaliana AP2/EREBP proteins as baits in yeast screens and identified 1,970 potential AP2/EREBP-interacting proteins, with a small subset of interactions verified in planta. Many AP2 genes also exhibit reduced expression in an anther-defective mutant, providing a possible link to developmental regulation. The putative AP2-interacting proteins participate in many functions in development and stress responses, including photomorphogenesis, flower development, pathogenesis, drought and cold responses, abscisic acid and auxin signaling. Our results present the AP2/EREBP evolution patterns in Brassicaceae, and support a proposed interaction network of AP2/EREBP proteins and their putative interacting proteins for further study.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Botany research, experiment, plant evolution & development submitted time 2016-05-03
Abstract： Production of β-ketoacyl-CoA, which is catalyzed by 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS), is the first step in very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis. Here we identified 58 KCS genes from Gossypium hirsutum, 31 from G. arboreum and 33 from G. raimondii by searching the assembled cotton genomes. The gene family was divided into the plant-specific FAE1-type and the more general ELO-type. KCS transcripts were widely expressed and 32 of them showed distinct subgenome-specific expressions in one or more cotton tissues/organs studied. Six GhKCS genes rescued the lethality of elo2Δelo3Δ yeast double mutant, indicating that this gene family possesses diversified functions. Most KCS genes with GA-responsive elements (GAREs) in the promoters were significantly upregulated by gibberellin A3 (GA). Exogenous GA3 not only promoted fiber length, but also increased the thickness of cell walls significantly. GAREs present also in the promoters of several cellulose synthase (CesA) genes required for cell wall biosynthesis and they were all induced significantly by GA3. Because GA treatment resulted in longer cotton fibers with thicker cell walls and higher dry weight per unit cell length, we suggest that it may regulate fiber elongation upstream of the VLCFA-ethylene pathway and also in the downstream steps towards cell wall synthesis.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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