分类: 生物学 >> 动物学 提交时间: 2021-07-30 合作期刊: 《古脊椎动物学报》
摘要: The new specimens of the largest eugaleaspiform Nochelaspis maeandrine are redescribed from two localities of the Xishancun Formation in Qujing City, Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Nochelaspis is most suggestive of Yunnanogaleaspis from the same horizon, but differs in its slit-like median dorsal opening (length/width>6), much stronger inner cornual process, coarse stellate ornamentation, and the serrations along the edges of the median dorsal opening and headshield. The new findings reveal the morphological details on the ventral side of the headshield as well. The oralobranchial fenestra is covered by a large dermal ventral plate, which is decorated with dense, tiny granular tubercles, and aligned with six pairs of separated, large, and circular branchial openings. This condition is different from that of osteostracans, in which the oralobranchial fenestra is covered by numerous minute scales or larger dermal platelets, and the branchial openings are slit-shaped and covered by small skin flaps somewhat like those of elasmobranchs. However, the branchial openings of galeaspids and osteostracans are both located ventrally as in modern rays, indicating a benthic lifestyle dwelling on sandy or muddy substrates in a quiet marine environment.
分类: 生物学 >> 动物学 提交时间: 2021-07-30 合作期刊: 《古脊椎动物学报》
摘要: 乳齿象类是长鼻类演化的重要阶段,该阶段奠定了长鼻类各冠群演化的基本格局。乳齿象类的研究有400多年的历史,分类和命名经过多次修订改动,乳齿象类的演化脉络完全体现在乳齿象命名历史之中。从词源学角度考证乳齿象类各类群的命名来源,整理了175条乳齿象类的中文译名(绝大多数为有效分类名), 包括12个属以上分类群,46个属,117个种,涵盖了乳齿象类几乎全部的种属。在此基础上梳理了乳齿象类的演化脉络,提出乳齿象类分类和命名中存在的一些问题。乳齿象类的头骨和下颌的演化在各支系中都是连续的,体现出了相近的平行演化趋势,而颊齿的形态特征虽然区别不明显,但在各支系中相对稳定。豕棱齿象科(Choerolophodontidae)是乳齿象类中最稳健的单系群,其中厚棱象(Synconolophus)可能是有效属名;玛姆象科中,中新乳齿象(Miomastodon)和上新乳齿象(Pliomastodon)可能都是有效的,但不一定是美洲乳齿象(Mammut americanum)的直接祖先;铲齿象科(Amebelodontidae)中达氏铲齿象(Platybelodon danovi)与格氏铲齿象(P. grangeri)、赵氏隐门齿象(Aphanobelodon zhaoi)的系统发育关系存在疑问,取决于P.danovi的下门齿断面究竟是否为齿柱状结构,而美洲的布氏柱门齿象(Konobelodon britti) 可能是卢氏匙门齿象(Torynobelodon loomisi)的同物异名,亚洲归入Konobelodon的种不一定是铲齿象类,可能应归为副四棱齿象(Paratetralophodon); 嵌齿象科(Gomphotheriidae)中锯齿象属(Serridentinus)可能有效,它代表了嵌齿象类中一个偏轭型化的类群,向居维叶象亚科方向演化;居维叶象亚科(Cuvieroniinae)可能仅包括居维叶象(Cuvieronius)和喙嘴象(Rhynchotherium)属,而美洲其他的短颌嵌齿象类中,脊乳齿象(Stegomastodon)有可能从铲 齿象科中的一支演化而来,南方乳齿象(Notiomastodon)则可能与中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon)相关;Sinomastodon可能起源于中国南方的竹棚上新乳齿象(Pliomastodon (?) zhupengensis),原来的属型种中间中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon intermedius)具有早出原同名,建议以它的早出异名仙台中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon sendaicus)取代S. intermedius。